Martyr Laxman Naik, the tribal hero of Orissa was born in Tentuliguma village of
Malkangiri of the then Koraput District on November 22, 1899 to Padlam Nayak.
He was basically a Bhuyan tribe and his father was a tribal chief and working
as 'Mustadaar' under Jeypore Samasthanam of Madras Presidency.
The local administration was for the
sake of name only, but actually administration was on the hands of British
Govt. The tribals were effected too much by the tortures of Revenue officials
and other servants under British as well as local administration. Tribals are
having their own culture, beliefs, religious identity etc. , and anybody's
attempt to bring some changes to it is always resisted by them. The same thing
happened, when the administration tried to bring reformatory and correctional
changes into their society. That led to Tribal resistance Movement , which was
an essential part of Indian Freedom Movement. There are a number of distinguished
tribal leaders have played their heroic role in this movement, but the role
played by Laxman Naik is incomparable , more inspiring and
edifying . The brave fighter fought single handedly with consummate skill and
extraordinary passion against the cruel British administration. He was a man of
immense courage, rock solid and inspiration for countless followers. He could
have lead a comfortable life inherited from his ancestors. But he has
sacrificed it for the freedom of his mother land. He always stood like a
mountain in the way of British administration and neither gave up nor bend
before the cruelty of foreign rule.
He has joined Congress movement for the
freedom of the country and enrolled himself as Charanna member of the Indian
National Congress. He has received all kinds of physical training and education
in Naupuri Training centre for Congress Workers. During this training, he had
come across several congress leaders which helped him to broaden the horizon of
his knowledge and arouse of Nationalism inside him. He has adopted the Gandhian
principle of truth and non-violence as his weapon for agitation against British
rule. He has pioneered the way for the popularization of Congress programme in
Koraput and motivated tribal people for the noble cause of freedom movement.
Nayak is responsible in bringing reforms in traditional tribal thinking and
culture like spreading of adult education, construction of roads, bridges,
schools ,abstinence of alcohol etc. He led the tribal people to fight against inhuman
practice of bonded labor. Laxman Naik was appointed as President of the
Congress Primary Committee at Matili in Koraput in 1942. And in the same year
he has represented Matili in Quit India Movement. He was popular in tribal
people as "Gandhi of Malkangiri".
The Quit India Movement spread in
Koraput under the leadership of Nayak. No of liquor shops have been destroyed.
On August 21, 1942, the tribals under the leadership of Nayak went on a long
procession chanting Ram dhun and patriotic songs and demonstrated in front of
mitaili police station. They have tried to hoist the congress flag in the
station. Lathi charge and firing has been done by police on demonstrators. In
the process Nayak has been injured and arrested by the police and sent to Koraput
Jail. He was accused of killing the forest guard G.Rammaya. After the trial,
the Additional session court of Koraput sentenced Naik to Death. After that he
was transferred to Berhampur Central jail and on March 29, 1943 he was
executed.
The great martyr could not able to see
the rising sun of independence India, for which he has sacrificed his life.
Though Nayak is no more, but his sacrifice, patriotism and ideals always be
remembered in the hearts of countless people. He is truly a worthy son of
mother Orissa and India as a whole.
Tribal resistance movement
was an integral part of freedom struggle and the heroic role played by many
distinguished tribal leaders. They had identified themselves with the
mainstream freedom struggle against heavy odds and at the cost of their lives
and princely career. Laxman Naik of Koraput is one of them. There is a long and
illustrious list of tribal resistance movement took place in different parts of
Orissa. But nothing could be more inspiring and edifying than the saga of heroic
struggle and sacrifice of one single tribal leader of Koraput whose feats and
exploits till today are unparallel.
This great man is no other
than Laxman Naik of Koraput District. Laxman Naik was born on 22nd November,
1899 in Tentuligumma of Malkangiri. His father was Padlam Naik. He belonged to
a Bhuyan tribe. He fought single handed against the oppressive foreign rulers
with consummate skill and a rare passion and fervour of a fighter. He was the
very fountain of grit, courage and strength to countless followers and
co-workers and shone by rare brilliance. He stood up like a rock with only one
supreme truth as his polestar, the freedom of his mother land.
He sacrificed all his
creature comforts and ultimately consumed himself but did not break or bend a
bit before the wily machination of the foreign usurpers. This innocent tribal
hero Laxman Naik was attracted towards the National Movement, when the message
of Congress Movement reached Koraput. He became an active member of the
Congress in enrolling as charanna member of the Indian Natinal Congress. He
received all kinds of physical education and learnt about national integration.
He organized the tribal people to fight against old and inhuman practices like
bonded labour. He played a key role to popularize Congress programme in
Koraput.
The tribal people of
Koraput and its surrounding like Malkanagiri, Tentulipada accepted him as their
hero and devoted themselves for the cause of national freedom. He promoted
‘Khadi’ and made people aware of the Congress plan of action. He tried to
inculcate a sense of unity among people for the freedom. The subaltern
perception of people’s participation found its subtle manifestation in this
part who fought for freedom. It was more insistent in case of the illiterate
villagers than that of the elitists of town. The mass participation of tribals
in this area took a new dimension in the Congress movement after congress
formed ministry in 1937. They get a sense of fresh courage which led to some
minor incident of rioting.
The best example is killing
of a sub-inspector with an axe when he removed a Congress flag while hoisting.
Violence in a nonviolent movement like Indian National Movement could be seen
from such incidents. Laxman Naik took the charge of President of the Congress
primary committee at Matili in Koraput in 1942. He managed to mobilise the
tribal people for various development works like construction of roads,
building bridges and establishing schools. He asked the villagers not to pay
any tax. He spearheaded the fight against oppression, sufferings and
exploitation. During the Quit India Movement 1942, Laxman Naik was nominated to
represent Matili. He used nonviolence as a main weapon against colonial power.
The tribal people called him “Gandhi of Malkangiri. The tribal movement created
an unprecedented public awakening in Koraput.
The message of Quit India
Movement was circulated in the whole of Koraput. The Bonda tribes of this
region were violent and belligerent and seized Matili police station under the
leadership of Laxman Naik. In 1942, August, Laxman Naik and Congress workers
attacked liquor shop at Kongrabeda, Muntipalli, Sindhabeda. He led a long
procession to Matili police station. It was on August 21, 1942, tribals from
different villages moved towards matili, holding a Congress flag and chanted
‘Ramdhun’ and proceeded towards police station. They entered the compound of
police station and tried to hoist the flag at the top of the Police Station.
Laxman Naik was not allowed to hoist flag, as the magistrate Mujibur Rahman
ordered ‘Lathi’ charge on the demonstrators. The angry demonstrators gave
patriotic slogans. Two police officials Ram Murty and constable Mohanty were
injured.
As the police opened
firing, 5 died on spot and 17 injured. The injured Laxman was thrown into the
ditch near the compound. It was a blessing in disguise for the police to
involve Laxman in a murder case of forest guard G. Rammaya. He along with his
son and other Congress workers were arrested at Matili police station and were
sent to Koraput jail. The trial of Laxman Naik was made at the Additional
session court of Koraput. V.Ramnathan, the Additional Session judge, Koraput
sentenced Laxman Naik to death under section 302 of IPS. He was then sent to
Berhampur Jail for execution.
Laxman Naik was in the cell
since November 16,1942. When his execution date drew nearer, he wished to see
his fellow prisoners and eat what they were given. All the inmates of Berhampur
jail offered prayer. His fellow prisoners wept throughout night of March
28,1943. At the break of dawn on March 29, 1943 by 5.30 a.m., Laxman Naik
gallantly marched towards the Gallows. He wished his last. ”If the sun is true,
and so is the moon, it is then equally true that mother India shall be
independent.” Rammurty, the Zamadar of jail pulled the lever bringing the iron
plate under his feet down. There ended his life, and he was buried inside the
jail compound. Though Laxman Naik did not live to see free India, he remained
imprinted in the minds of millions of people of India as the leader of leaders.
